The project aims at addressing the misalignment between incentives for the local production of antimicrobial products and the objective to tackle antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Due to the scientific and market related challenges pharmaceutical producers in certain African countries tend to focus on a limited range of antibiotics, while neglecting others that are as much needed. As a result, there is a high risk of AMR developing for products that are being oversupplied, while the limited or undersupply of other products is equally a risk for the public health system, resulting in insufficient access by patients. The objective of the project is to develop better national and regional incentive regimes for domestic pharmaceutical firms to maintain certain essential antimicrobial products in the market despite the low return on investment and to reduce overcapacities in other antibiotics to minimize the risk of resistance. To achieve its objectives the project will undertake situational analyses: (a) Per beneficiary country to assess the local production and supply of antimicrobials; (b) Per beneficiary country and at EAC level on the national/regional incentive framework affecting investment in antimicrobial development and production. Based on the results of the studies, UNCTAD and its partners (i.e. ECA and WHO) will propose for each country and for the EAC measures to address the misalignment in incentives and public health objectives in the production and supply of antibiotics. UNCTAD will undertake consensus building activities and advisory services to implement the recommendations. These outputs will improve the capacity of the private sector, public health and investment authorities at national and regional level to understand the misalignment between incentives and public health concerns, and the partnerships required to ensure adequate supply of antimicrobial products, with emphasis on antimicrobials and measures to combat AMR.